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Wednesday, July 31, 2019

Quinn’s Character in Paul Auster’s City of Glass

English 1 Simon Drury Group P 9/27/2012 Tuesday 3:10 Kathleen Samson Paul Auster has said that The New York Trilogy is centrally concerned with â€Å"the question of who is who and whether or not we are who we think we are. † Use this remark as a point of departure for a discussion of the character Quinn –his presentation in the novel and his experience – in City of Glass.In the City of Glass, Auster creates a sense of uncertainty around the identities of the different characters in the book. One does not really grasp who is who in the novel because of the complex and multiple layers of the story Austen creates. The City of Glass asks questions about identity and in this essay I will look at the protagonist (Quinn) and his search to understand himself and to discover his true identity which ultimately leads to his identity being changed with each new character role he takes on to forget his past self.Daniel Quinn is a complicated character and our knowledge of h im is limited because the narrator does not reveal much about him. Where he came from and who he was seem of little importance in the novel we are only told his age, that he was once married but his son and daughter are dead (a past which he seems to be running away from). He is writer of detective stories under the pseudonym of William Wilson (a name Quinn takes on to forget his past). William Wilson’s character mirrors Auster ‘s , the author, own life. Quinn creates his own character Max Work, a private eye narrator.In his stories the protagonist Max becomes very real and moves away from merely being a fictitious character, subsequently causing Quinn himself to take on some of the characteristics of Max, thinking and behaving in a similar manner to him. Eventually Quinn â€Å"stopped thinking on himself as real. †(Auster 10) So already Auster creates this sense of doubt about Quinn and his true identity and eventually Quinn is consumed by the persona of Max Wor k and â€Å"the more Quinn seemed to vanish, the more persistent works presence in that world became. (Auster 10). Quinn runs away from his ‘real’ life because he finds some form of attraction in the world of being a fictitious detective. Quinn finds the role of a detective appealing because it puts him in the role of an observer, analyzing the world much like a reader of a novel, and in essence he forgets himself and his reality by doing so. Max work is essentially an escape from Quinn’s life as a writer (William Wilson) and from his past life as the ‘real Quinn’.By becoming the character he created (Max work) Quinn embarks upon seeking the truth and reality, which in a way is what Quinn is trying to do in terms of discovering an identity. Quinn becomes so consumed in the life of Max Work and the idea of being a detective that when he receives a phone call intended for the private detective Paul Auster, he impersonates him and begins to focus on Pe ter Stillman. Peter is a young man who feels threatened by his father who had been let out of prison.So now Quinn, under the name of Paul Auster, places himself onto another story, another reality through which of he can further delve into the life a ‘real’ detective. Quinn at this point has already taken upon three identities, each of which has served its purpose and been forgotten. The question of who is who now begins to become raveled in layers and doubles so the reader and the character himself is unsure of whom the real protagonist of the story is. Quinn becomes obsessed with Stillman senior and his interest in the man deepens as every day passes, â€Å"he had lived Stillman’s life, walked at his place, seen what he had seen. Quinn becomes Stillman during the case in a way and so another character shift seems to be inevitable. Peter Stillman junior resembles Quinn’s deceased son (whose name was also Peter), Stillman junior had been locked up by his father for nine years in order to test whether ‘God’s language’ would resurface (that is the language uncorrupted by the world, it’s origin during the time of Adam and Eve in the garden of Eden. ) Roberta Rubenstein argues that Stillman junior is a representation of Quinn’s childhood, isolated from the world with a sense of loneliness.When the two men disappear I creates a sense of anxiety for Quinn, he longs to be ‘non-existent’ as well and eventually he morphs into a mad street walker, homeless and in the end crazy. Auster uses this dilapidation of Quinn to emphasis the conflict within the character and how his ‘self forgetfulness’ leads to his eventual downfall and leaves the question of who he is and who he is meant to be unanswered. Peter Stillman is a character used by Auster the author as a way to further explore the different identities in the book.Stillman junior, after having being isolated from the world has no c lear grasp on his own identity, much like Quinn. In a conversation with Quinn he says, â€Å"I am Peter Stillman. That is not my real name. My real name is Peter Rabbit. † Stillman junior is able to change his name to suit him much like Quinn has done throughout the book, and as seen in the quote Stillman loses the meaning of his name and loses his sense of identity. This quote shows how Auster is very obviously asking the question, who is who and are we who we think we are.Stillman sums it up by saying, â€Å"I cannot say who I will be tomorrow. Each day is new, and each day I can be born again. † The red notebook is the only thing in the book that keeps Quinn’s real name. He writes it in the book during the Stillman case for the first time in over five years and it is the only record or conception of himself that does not change. Quinn recognizes the importance of knowing who he is when he says, â€Å"most important of all: remember who I am supposed to be. à ¢â‚¬  And he later echoes the words of Peter Stillman Junior when he says, â€Å"all I can say is this: my name is Paul Auster.That is not my real name. † This shows that Quinn, like Stillman, is confused about his own identity. Because he is trying to be four people at once he loses the origin of his name and character, his true self. Therefore the question of who is who and whether or not we are who we think we are is not really answered in this book. Auster provides a multi layered and complex understanding of what identity is and how it is used. For Quinn, identity is used as a way of escape, perhaps from the past or from himself (the person he was and whom he grew tired of).Although Quinn is the same person but under different names or aliases, he takes on different identities and makes them a part of his life which eventually leaves no definite answer to who the ‘real’ Quinn is. Works cited Auster, Paul. City of Glass. London: Penguin, 1990 Rubenstein, Rob erta. Doubling, Intertextuality and the Postmodern Uncanny: Paul Auster’s New York Trilogy. LIT: Literature Interpretation Theory, 9 (1998): 245. Academic Search Premier. EBSCOhost. 08. 04. 2006.

Tuesday, July 30, 2019

Manchester United Economic Impact

c Impact Manchester United’s Economic Impact By Dalton Truax For Mike Pearson Sports Marketing & Management 28 February 2013 Introduction Manchester United is the most valuable sports club to exist so surely the club must make the city a lot of money every year, right? Soccer is the most popular sport in the world, and the most popular soccer club in the world is Manchester United. There is no denial that Manchester United has had a huge cultural impact as well as made many social contributions to its locale, but what about the team’s economic impact?Manchester United has influenced the local and regional economy in many ways, with most of them being exclusively positive. Some of the ways the club has influenced the local and regional economy are through networking, the economic impact of the supporters, employment, real estate, multiplier effects, and marketing of the city. Networks, Suppliers, Supporters I will first focus on Manchester United’s economic impact through networking, suppliers, and attracted supporters. First and foremost, there is most definitely an economic impact as a result of networking and suppliers.Penn’s model illustrates how a soccer club can play a role in regional development, using three possible network types. [1] In the first model (Figure 1), the club operates as an isolated business. The development effect is limited to the income that is spent again in the local economy, the income multiplier. The second model (Figure 2) embodies the situation in which the club has relations with other local companies like suppliers, subcontractors, and others, where the club is the heart of the economical development. Read also Twitter Case StudyThe given companies depend very much on the club. The last model (Figure 3) describes a network that does not exclusively depend on the soccer club. This is the case with the sponsor and merchandising network of Manchester United. Although the sponsor and merchandising networks are mostly situated on a national level, some of these companies can have an impact on the local scale. [2] Figure 1 [pic] Figure 2 [pic] Figure 3[pic] Manchester United has a worldwide fan base. There are supporters clubs all over the world because of their popularity.Supporters have an economical impact on the regional and local economy because of what they spend on transport, drinks, food, etc. A study on Manchester United supporters shows us that a supporter spends an average of $25 on drinks, food, and other products per match. [3] If the supporters are from outside the region, they bring in money to the local economy. We have to take into account that the soccer related expens es by local supporters are not an extra input for the local economy. A very limited number of seats are reserved for the supporters of the opposing team. 0% of the supporters are local, 40% are from the northwest region outside of the local community, and from outside the regional community are another 30%. [4] This means that a total of 70% of the supporters can generate a positive economic impact for the local economy, and 30% can do this for the regional economy. There were 68,187 seats in Old Trafford in 2010 and around 40 matches a year. This results in a yearly net income of $4,221,560,700. On a regional scale, this results in $18,092,403,000 every year. 5] These supporters’ expenditures end up especially in the hands of the hotel and catering industry in the immediate area around the stadium. Hotels are almost always full on the day of games. The direct employment by the club also has an economical impact, which is magnified by the income multiplier. The players may al so influence the real estate market quite a bit; players often invest in residential developments and other real estate operations. It is assumed that the presence of soccer players in a neighborhood can add to the attraction of that neighborhood.Some real estate agencies even try to attract soccer players to luxurious neighborhoods just so that they can attract other wealthy people. [6] National Image Because of globalization, cities and regions worldwide have entered into a struggle for investment, tourism, and development. Marketing of the city is a very important tool when it comes to this. The question is which role sports, and more specifically soccer clubs like Manchester United, can play here. Entertainment is playing a bigger and bigger role in society as the years go by. So, how does the government view Manchester United in this matter?The government acknowledges the important role Manchester United plays as a catalyst for marketing of the city. They regard Manchester Unit ed mainly as a publicity channel for the region to attempt to attract tourists, as well as companies to the region. Trafford Metropolitan Borough Council also uses the presence of Manchester United to further develop the area around the club. They have a long-term vision for the development of Old Trafford, the team’s historic stadium. The role of Manchester United in attracting businesses is very significant.The club can attract businesses itself but can only do this for businesses that benefit from the actual matches taking place, such as pubs and hotels. On the other hand, the club functions as a publicity channel for the region. It draws attention, and is always a good way to start a conversation. In this way, the club has indirectly made a large contribution to bring businesses and investments to the region. The brand name is known all over the world and puts Manchester on the map. Therefore it is of extreme importance that the club keeps a positive image and identity fo r the city.Conclusion We can conclude that Manchester United does not only have a cultural importance, but that they can also make an economical contribution by networking, the impact of supporters on surrounding businesses, and the role they might play in marketing for the city and regional development. The economic impact of Manchester United is vast and in many ways cannot even be described in numbers. ———————– [1]https://aow. kuleuven. be/geografie/toekomstigestudenten/onderzoek/vandenbroucke/fig1b_penn_model. gif [2]http://aow. kuleuven. e/geografie/toekomstigestudenten/onderzoek/vandenbroucke/index. html [3]http://www. foxbusiness. com/personal-finance/2011/12/20/5-pricey-nfl-stadiums-that-will-sack-your-wallet/ [4]http://www. telegraph. co. uk/sport/football/competitions/premier-league/9795377/Twitter-map-finally-reveals-exactly-where-Manchester-United-fans-live. html [5]http://www. bloomberg. com/news/2012-02-21/manches ter-united-quarterly-profit-rises-31-on-finance-costs-sponsors. html [6]http://lifestyle. ezinemark. com/luxurious-houses-of-premier-league-players-773659074564. html

Monday, July 29, 2019

Standard of Care Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Standard of Care - Assignment Example (4) Discuss the repercussions that could arise, both for the patient and you, in regards to injection of contrast media. Repercussions with the advent of contrast media could be severe for the patient. The patient might begin to have an interaction should he or she be receiving ink within the blood to have the patient’s innards show up on an imaging technology. The injections could not only prove to be only annoying or beginning a reaction, but the injections could also prove fatal if the patient had a very severe reaction and the injection was not stopped before the interaction progressed to the point where the patient was having a very bad reaction—whether it be due to certain medications the patient was on or other concomitant factors. (5) Explain the organization of the information supplied in the Physicians Desk Reference (PDR). The Physicians’ Desk Reference, or PDR, is basically a book that lists all of the medications that are administered today. One mu st, however, have the most recent copy of it, which is most relevant—because new medications are put on the market every year. The organization of the information in the PDR is generally just placed in alphabetical order. Usually, the generic and brand names are both listed in the book, but you just might have to look up the generic name instead of the brand name. It really depends upon what year of the PDR one is looking at, per se. (6) What are the benefits of physicians using PDRs in ordering prescriptions for their patients? The benefit of physicians using PDRs in ordering prescriptions for their patients is helpful, but not necessarily recommended. When a doctor is making out a prescription, he or she should carefully note... From the research it can be comprehended that the procedures, policies, and ultimate controls concerning Deanna have a lot to do with how well people manage patients’ medications. Deanna’s situation is special because she may have a worsening of her symptoms due to her extensive smoking habit every day. Thus, an inhaled corticosteroid will probably be prescribed for Deanna which will help relieve her symptoms considerably. So, a lot of the important decisions fall on the shoulders of doctors as well as nurses. It is only with much careful consideration and contemplation that doctors and nurses must take into account what are the proper limitations that must be considered when prescribing or, respectively, dispensing medication to patients. It is only with the greatest of care that these decisions should be taken into account. Hopefully, with the guidance of good doctors and nurses, it only makes sense that patients should be able to feel secure in their own environments , knowing that substances are properly controlled around them. If patients feel insecure about their environments because drugs are not properly controlled, this will be the downfall of a healthcare organization. It is with the careful planning and proper controls on medication that these differing situations can be kept under control, of course by having rigorous and stringent policies in place which control such situations. It is very important that all of these elements work in conjunction with each other in order to form organized healthcare organizations.

Sunday, July 28, 2019

Case study(Leadership) Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

(Leadership) - Case Study Example The leader who seeks to bring about organizational changes should understand the need for change, the change processes, implementing change, and possible reactions. Bass (1985 cited in Shackleton 1995, p. 113) and Burns (1978 cited in Shackleton 1995, p. 113) put forth the concept of transformational leadership. In spite of some variations, there is broad agreement in the concept suggested by Bass and Avolio through their "Multifactor Leadership Questionnaire (MLQ)" and the "Managerial Practices Survey (MPS)" of Yukl, which includes managerial practices such as clarifying, supporting, inspiring and team building. (Tracey and Timothy, 1998). Ultimate Office Products realized that changes in the atmosphere such as intensified competition and heightened consumer expectations called for improvements in customer service such as electronic order processing, tracking and servicing. The company instituted the new department of information systems with Richard Kelly its director. Richard observed many unnecessary activities and bottlenecks were slowing down work processes. He installed new computer workstations and software to speed up and control the processes. However as most departmental heads - Richard's peers resisted change it could not be implemented. The CEO authorized constituting a number of cross-functional teams under Richard to report to a steering committee composed of departmental heads. The task forces were constituted to identify changes required in work processes. An outside consultant was called in to advise the task forces. The 'task forces' met with key customers to understand customer preferences and improve the efficiency of order filling system. They made recommendations to the steering committee often attended by the CEO to emphasize its seriousness. With the cooperation of all departmental heads, the company eliminated many unnecessary processes and within a year, was able to double order processing speed. The 'change for the better' brought about a change in peoples' attitudes too and many of them now volunteer to work on teams that design ways to improve service quality. B. The leaders' behaviour The CEO was able to see the environment driving change: discount merchandisers and office product super-stores altering traditional distribution channels. Manufacturers were challenged with demands for rate cuts and speedier processes for billing and filling orders. This necessitated process automation, which is primarily a change in technology and entailed in the creation of the new department of information. Richard Kelly the director of the new department installed the components for automating processes, the computer workstations and software. However installation of new technology by itself cannot bring about desired changes without making efforts to bring about simultaneous changes in the attitudes, skills and roles of various stakeholders. Richard, was not able to put the equipment to use as some of the key stakeholders, managers from sales, production, accounting, shipping and customer service, who were his peers did

Saturday, July 27, 2019

Accounting Management at Shell Company Case Study

Accounting Management at Shell Company - Case Study Example Management accounting information is the information which is necessary for the higher management to take into consideration when making important decisions regarding the organization. It allows the management to make well-informed decisions which can drastically help the company to achieve improved results. Management accounting information is future-oriented which means that unlike financial accounting, it does not just report the past performance of the company but also highlights the sections which can be improved to achieve greater efficiency and profitability. There are basically three types of management accounting information which can be significant for business decision making. This information can be classified into three statements or reports which include the cost allocation reports, budget reports, and forecasting statements. The first type of management accounting information that can be used by Shell management is the cost allocation reports. This report consists of t he information regarding the money invested or supposed to be invested, in particular projects. Organizations today have limited resources and they need to evaluate very carefully the projects they invest in. In the case of Shell, most of its projects involve huge investments and they cannot afford to make a mistake in choosing the right project. Therefore, Shell management can use the cost allocation reports to evaluate the projects which give the highest possible return and also are in line with its company goals and strategy. The second type of management accounting report is a budget report which usually has to be formulated and presented at the start of the financial year. A budget report will consist of the money the business should invest in each business operation and function. Managers usually refer to master, standard and flexible budgets to take decisions. Master budgets include all the allotted resources for expenditures of the whole company as well as for separate depar tments. On the other hand, a standard and flexible budget can help the management to compare the actual and budgeted expenses of the company which can again provide very useful information to the Shell management.

Friday, July 26, 2019

Learning difficulties Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Learning difficulties - Essay Example It will also discuss government and private citizens’ efforts in supporting individuals with Dyslexia. What is Dyslexia? Dyslexia is a learning disability related to an individual’s difficulty in obtaining skills in reading, writing and spelling (Special Needs Support Pages, 1999). It affects the development of literacy and language related skills (British Dyslexia Association, 2009). It is one disorder that is neurological in origin (International Dyslexia Association: Lyon et al., 2003). It is a permanent condition, however, it can be managed. For example, children with dyslexia have difficulty in spelling words. One way to overcome this is for them to view pictures of words in their minds because this helps them to retain the words and spell them out better (Morton, 2004). Although dyslexic children manifest difficulties in reading and writing words, they are often bright, creative and talented. Some of their strengths may include mechanical aptitude; artistic abilit y; musical gifts; athletic prowess; advanced social skills; and talents in computer/technology, science, and math (Yoshimoto, 2000). Concern for children with disabilities has already spread in the UK from the 1970’s thanks to some advocates such as Mary Warnock who raised the issues on helping children with special education needs (SEN). The Warnock Report in the year 1978 was developed to appraise the provision for children with psychological as well as physical disabilities. The report had sponsored ranges of special needs for children. It paved the way for the â€Å"Education Act† which was imposed in the year 1983. This act presented different methods to the description of children with SEN. It advocated that these children should be able to obtain the educational support from tutors in the classroom such as the provision of extra time and assistance compared to other students (Sturt, 2002). In 1996 the law on SEN stated that: â€Å"A child has special educationa l needs (SEN) if he or she has a learning difficulty which calls for special educational provision to be made for him or her† (Education Act, 1996, Section 312). This act mandates local education authorities (LEA) to offer resources in order to recognise and support specific learning problems in children. LEAs were imposed with additional tasks to make an evaluation of children in their disability area (Pumfrey & Reason, 1991). SEN Code of Practice (2001) is the government guidance on meeting the SEN of children with disabilities. Its principles include that children with special needs should have their needs met and that children will normally have their needs met in a mainstream school. With the Special Education Needs Code of Practice (2001), Dyslexia falls under the Communication and Interaction area of need. This area includes learners with speech and language difficulties, impairments and disorders. Children with SEN should have full access to a broad, balanced and relev ant curriculum, including the National Curriculum or, for younger children, the foundation stage curriculum. The children’s views should be taken into account and their parents should be treated as partners of the school (ACE, 2011). Much of what has been described are components of inclusive education. The Education Act of 2010 focuses on supporting inclusion and incorporation of dyslexic children rather than separation and segregation in the school. Inclusive education has evolved towards the idea that all children despite their

Sale and purchase agreement, contract Assignment

Sale and purchase agreement, contract - Assignment Example ivers the Goods to Carrier or Bill of Sale to Purchaser: The seller allows the allocation of his land to the buyer, which in this cases the good, is land upon the completion of the remaining amount of money, which is SR 500.000. Any Risk of Loss or Damage is transferred to the Purchaser when: land sales and purchase agreement involves a lot of risk bearing. If the land on sales is by law owned by the government for instance, the purchaser will bear the risk of losing his money to the seller. A comprehensive agreement should henceforth be arrived at after the land search process as per the legal requirements by land laws have been constitutionally verified. Purchaser Receives the Goods or a Bill of Sale: Land sales is instant upon the payment of full amounts of money by the buyers. In Ahmed and Saleh’s case, there would be need to wait until the last payments are made an title issued in the name of the buyer then the transfer of ownership would be legally made. Seller delivers the Goods to a Carrier or a Bill of Sale is given to the Purchaser: The bill of sale must be issued to the purchaser of the land as there is some monetary value already attached to this sales. Mr. Saleh has paid in deposit SR 1.5 hence he is allowed to acquire a bill of sale to warrant him the unconditional ownership of this land in case of any mischief by the seller. Whether Assignment of this Agreement is allowed: the assignment of this agreement would be finally sealed as both Ahmed and Saleh are in a business agreement wherein there must be a willing seller and willing buyer. Warranty (what I am promising about the Goods): The seller must promise on the legitimacy of his land whereas the purchaser must pledge the payment of the remaining sum of money that is SR 0.5 million in this sale and purchase agreement. Additional Clauses: Additional clauses may include the validity of the land ownership. In this case the land is purchased by a foreigner thus the time frame for ownership of

Thursday, July 25, 2019

Controversial Paper Research Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Controversial - Research Paper Example mostly people who migrate illegally to other countries are mostly from third world counties to look for better lives in the developed countries for example the Mexicans migrate from Mexico and sneak their way into the USA statistics shows that more than twelve million immigrants live in the USA , but this can be a tough and a hard journey and it is not guaranteed that everybody will reach their destination some of them always end up dying because of cold weather and others fall in the rap of border patrols. Effects of immigration The effects of immigrants in the USA are: Economic theory states that there could be possible effects on the employment and wages of domestic workers, trade between USA and other countries, growth rate and the economy of the country, and the prices that Americans pay for goods and services. Given the broad range of these effects,. The evidence presented depends on theoretical understandings of the likely effects. This principal relies on discussion of immigr ation's likely impact on domestic labor markets. This treatment highlights the main understandings from economic analysis about the effects of immigration. While our primer is written principally for no economists, economists may also be fascinated in the panel's judgment about what the essential truths are. The level of crime has also increased due to illegal immigration. For example, in USA it is believed that Mexicans control the drug industry and they are also in gangs that commit crimes within the country. They gain entrance to the country and then they get fake documents and through this they commit a lot of crime in the country. In some countries, immigrants are the ones who plant bombs and leads to death of the citizens then they flee without trace How immigration can be controlled Various governments and experts have come up with different solutions. For example the Italian Interior Minister suggested a six month legal authorization that it hoped will stem the flow of illeg al immigration and at the same time reduces the cost on the part of the Italian government. The Minister estimates that with his suggestion many immigrants will come into the country through the government system fairly than through exploiting gangs. Also Swedish government has already specified that they will not limit the movement of immigrants through its borders when the new member states join the European Union. The governments stand is based on the European Union act that permits all members freedom of movement within member states. The Swedish government contemplates that the added labor coming from the eastern countries will develop the Swedish economy. It does not plan to limit movement but control it. Governments like the British, French and the Germans have called for tauter border controls with non-European member states. The trinity see this as the main way of regulatory the incursion of immigrants. Under the European Union legislation on immigration, immigrants are ess ential to apply for asylum at their first point of entry. The British government proposed having immigration and asylum centers outside the European Union were claims will be managed in one of those enroute countries. If the plan is largely accepted it is hoped that it will help redistribute more fairly the number of immigrants in Europe. Britain has long been the ideal choice of immigrants coming into the European Unio

Wednesday, July 24, 2019

Write a report on the changing roles of men and women in families in Essay

Write a report on the changing roles of men and women in families in Britain over the past half century - Essay Example Theories of family development are very popular and show that this culture, at least, still looks in part to systems and theories to solve some of its more pressing classification and categorization problems. Traditionally the role of the state has been the role of the patriarch, as the enforcer of gender division. In looking at how gender roles changed in Britain, the answer for this question is that in fact, the industrial revolution actually resulted in less work in the household, so technically less work for mother, but more work for women outside of the household. The basic assumption of the current investigation is that the industrialization process in Britain has been so innovative and rapid that it has not only brought new responsibilities, but also new expectations of women in and outside of nuclear family roles. As industrialization advanced, so did the statue of women, resulting in higher expectation for the mothers at home, but also higher expectations of the active-working women, both considered as one. Before women gained the right to vote, they were unequal in society in many ways. They could not basically participate in the government of the country, and they were barred from everything but the domestic sphere, which was where they were expected to stay. They were basically exp ected to take care of the house, do the cooking and cleaning, take care of the children, and let the men go out and vote, because they weren’t considered good enough, smart enough, or independent enough to be able to do something like this on their own. It is ironic that some people even today are not independent or smart enough to do things on their own. But in other ways, history has changed, because women had enough of this situation of inequality and got involved in an active struggle. They were able to raise themselves up from ignorance and do something truly noble and important, in the face of a

Tuesday, July 23, 2019

Employment Law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 6

Employment Law - Essay Example In the first category of immediate termination, there are various conditions under which an employee may be dismissed with the first one being if the employee is found guilty of going against the rules and regulations set for operations in the work environment (Batson and Shirouzo, 2010). The second rule stipulates that if an employee is found guilty of a crime they can be dismissed without notice. The third law states that in an event where the employee does something that causes damage to the employer, they can be dismissed since this infringes on the employer’s interests (EuroChinaJob, 2009). With this in mind, it follows that if an employee has a relationship with another employer, which affects the way the employee accomplishes tasks they can dismissed on grounds of not adhering to the regulations of the employer because they fail to accomplish tasks assigned to them. The fifth law that may cause dismissal of an employee without notice is if the employee acquired the job through fraudulent means, which amounts to cheating in order to be employed. In addition to the above, an employee is subjected to dismissal without notice if they are found not to be competent in regards to the job description to which they were employed on. I contrast to the employment law in China, the one in the in the United Kingdom stipulates that employment could be terminated by either the parties to the contract at will with or without notice. The employee is also subject to dismissal if the contract signed expires and it has not been renewed. The employee can also decide to terminate employment on grounds of constructive dismissal whereby there are circumstances that are reasonable basing this on the employer’s behavior. In addition to this if termination comes about because of the workers performance there are guidelines to be followed in order to ensure that the dismissal is in

Monday, July 22, 2019

Biologically Important Molecules Introduction Essay Example for Free

Biologically Important Molecules Introduction Essay Organic compounds found in organisms include: carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids. Each play an integral part in biological systems, for instance, carbohydrates are the main source of fuel for organisms. Proteins contribute to the structure of organisms, lipids make up membranes of cells, and nucleic acids make up DNA and RNA for carrying the genetic code. Scientists have established different ways to indicate presence of these compounds, one way is to test for these various compounds via solution tests. Scientists have established terms for evaluation. The terms include positive and negative control. Positive control contains the variable for which the test will react positively. A negative control on the other hand does not contain the variable and thus will result in a negative result. Solutions which contain the variable or compounds which react with the tests will produce a positive control; otherwise a negative control will result. Materials and Methods An experiment was carried out to test the presence of certain organic compounds found in various solutions. The Benedict’s test is to test for reducing sugars, Iodine test tests for starch, Biuret test tests for proteins, specifically peptide bonds between amino acids, lastly Sudan IV tests for lipids. Ten drops of various solutions including: onion juice, potato juice, sucrose solution, glucose solution, distilled water, reducing-sugar solution, and starch solution where each tested by Benedicts and Iodine tests respectively. For the Benedicts test, each test tube containing the solution and 2mL of Benedict’s solution were each placed in a hot water-bath for three minutes then examined for color change. The Iodine test was not however placed in the water-bath. For the Biuret test, solutions that were tested for include 2mL of each: egg albumin, honey, amino acid solution, distilled water, and protein solution. The Sudan IV test was carried out for the following 1mL solutions: oil with water, oil, honey, distilled water, and a known lipid solution. Lastly an experiment for polarity was also conducted which consisted of oil mixed with distilled water and acetone respectively. As the reaction proceeded for each experiment color was recorded and that indicated either a positive or negative control for each solution.

The effect of the Internet on ordinary Media Essay Example for Free

The effect of the Internet on ordinary Media Essay After 20 years, to see how it has affected the usual ways of getting information, the study has been set up and was based on more than 3,000 interviews from adults aged 18 or older who had accessed the Internet in the past month. This research was conducted by 65 UK leading markets. More than 60 percent of the respondents to a survey chose the Internet for personal and special interest information needs, compared to 18 percent for magazines. When looking for work-related information, 48 percent of the respondents chose the Internet, and only 7 percent preferred magazines. The study also revealed that once consumers begin using the Web, they use it more frequently as their experience increases, and that these same users also tend to use traditional media sources significantly less. The research shows that exposure and experience with the Web is changing consumers fundamental attitude towards traditional media. In comparison with other media sources, we found that user control is a critical preference attribute of the Internet as a medium, providing individual control over content source, time of access, content depth and other parameters. The survey reveals that there is a fundamental shift in media consumption occurring, and traditional publishers will need to evolve as Web adoption and use increases. The first National Internet Study also examined the effect of Internet use on traditional media consumption. Almost 25 percent of online consumers indicated they watch television less often since they began using the Internet. Similar declines have also been reported in magazine reading: 20 percent, newspaper readership: 15 percent and radio listening: 9 percent. A small percentage of users consume traditional media more often radio: 11 percent, newspapers: 9 percent, magazines: 8 percent and TV/cable: 7 percent. The majority of online users stated they have not altered their traditional media consumption or they arent sure how it changed radio: 81 percent, newspapers: 75 percent, magazines: 72 percent and TV/cable: 70 percent. While the majority of online users report no change in their traditional media habits, the fact that substantial percentages of people report altered behaviour is evidence to the continuing evolution of consumer habits, said the president of the company on the Internet Research. In a relatively short period of time, Americans have adopted new ways of getting their news, doing their shopping and seeking entertainment. The appeal of online media will continue to grow as more American adults gain Internet access at home, at work or through portable devices. Nearly 25 percent of online users watch television less often since they began using the Internet. But 50 percent of Internet users report that a television is present in the same room as their computer. 91 percent with a TV in the same room where the Internet is used most often said they watched and surfed simultaneously. Over 25 percent of adults, aged 18 to 34, surf the Internet and always or often watch TV at the same time. With limited hours in a day, consumers seek out ways to maximise the value of their time. An opportunity exists for broadcast media who choose to offer more frequent programming that makes use of both the online environment as well as their traditional media.

Sunday, July 21, 2019

Classical Management Theorists And Their Impact Today Commerce Essay

Classical Management Theorists And Their Impact Today Commerce Essay Introduction: Organizations are shared units in the course of explicit rationale. The fundamental rudiments of associations have remained similar over a large span of time. More than a few restraints make available the comprehension and the means to be aware of organizations. Nevertheless, it is suitable to come across such a business which is essentially in multi-disciplinary point of view. (Phan, Phillip H (2006) Three standpoints have come out, over the years in consecutive phases, each looking forward to formulate accessible pane on the others. They are the classical approach, three streams stand out: system of government, administrative theory as well as principles of scientific management. It has got to be noted that with the passage of time; the viewpoints have been changed or modified, on the other hand not replaced as such. Each major association brought new awareness, consciousness, apparatus and modus operandi to comprehend the organizations better. Consequently, in the present day we are more affluent than ever before in terms of our information concerning approach to know organizations. (Von Bertalanffy, L (2007) In spite of the whole thing, more consciousness intended computation by means of additional comprehensive variables to recognize the complexities of human organizations. There is, as nevertheless, no general, mutual prevalent hypothesis as such. Organizations being speckled as well as comprehensive in more senses than one, it is intricate, if not of no consequence to be too across-the-board or too precise on the subject of them. Every business is rooted in traditional practical main beliefs. (Phan, Phillip H (2006) nevertheless modern organization theories attempted to adapt them in the beam of experience, changes in expertise and acquaintance on the topic of human activities. (Gordon Marshall (2006) The central arrangement gave approach to not many sort of transference and therefore malformed, to some extent as a minimum, high organizations keen on flat ones, reflecting a shift in prominence from control to consensus based self-discipline. (Locke, E.A (1968) The proportional state o f affairs of instability and uncertainty malformed the traditional mechanistic shape of management systems into untreated ones. (Rudy, Alan P (2005) The constant inappropriateness has been one of a most important modification a few would articulate an authentic example in the theoretical appearance all the way through which the field is disconnects as well as prearranged as a rational power. Balanced change and discontinuity have been reflected by the materialization of original directorial structures and observe which give the impression to indicate a pointed fracture with additional conformist preparation based on the most important attitude of balanced system of government. (Von Bertalanffy, L (2007) Without a doubt, the level as well as strength of rational fermentation and institutional modernization has encouraged a number of observers to suggest that managerial learning can no longer be regarded as an instruction or, not as much of determined, as a sub- regulation bounded by the all-purpose field of social science. (Von Bertalanffy, L (2007) At the other end of the hypothetical range, there are a few people fighting a rearguard action against the proliferation of replacement approaches as well as the sarcastic power which it has exerted on recognized orthodoxies along with the array that they once provided. (Wetzel, David K (2006) conventional association theories contract all the way through the prescribed association as well as perception to expand management capability. (Rudy, Alan P (2005) Background: The period of the 90s might be considered within the proceedings concerning American commerce account the Quality upheaval period. All over organizations are facing with augmented contest, grinding down share in the market, as well as status for undependable products are at present put into practice an armory of techniques imposing quality with the hope to come out conquering in within the global conflict for consumers. (Gulick, L., Urwick, L. (eds) (2007) Quality management is more and more accepted and admired as a planned tool floating to look up the gung-ho competition of American business. (Rudy, Alan P (2005) recent quality management perspectives time and again are opposing to predictable management perform espoused by the fields chronological initiators. These oppositions put forward that an endeavor alarmed throughout value have got to in due course reject executive principles established effectually in due course. (Gordon Marshall (2006) For example the TQM mod el, as uttered by excellence expert W. Edwards Deming, thoroughly discards the conservative use of quantitative objectives seeing that either a basis of encouragement or as a system of routine evaluation. Beneath Demings perceptive, its signifies no fabrication part, no sales objectives, as well as no organizational objective s. (Von Bertalanffy, L (2007) Deming contributions, nevertheless, accomplishment of the attitude is being opposed as an association have recognized and depends upon setting up objectives as the bases for portentous jobs, assess performance, as well as being able to identify an individuals incentive support. (Albrecht, K (2004) In an effort to determine disagreement flanked by these it appear that contrasting approaches, one can discover points of association as well as inconsistency in the viewpoint aligned with conventional supervision theorists, in addition to tips of squaring off where his suggestion has previous state of affairs in conventional administration reflection. (Barkdull, C.W. (2005) Edwin Locke during 1968 convincingly uttered the code of belief of objective surroundings hypothesis an inspirational arrangement resulting from Taylors opinion who has proven himself to be the guru of scientific management. Moreover he surpassed the observance of task executive an extremely structured arrangement of conveying objectives as well as gratifying personnel for accomplishing those goals. (Albrecht, K (2004) Regardless of the fact that Deming harmonizes through Taylors point of view, he recommended that task management is to some extent liable for the superiority troubles within the country. More than a few chronological methodical organization theorists furthermore privileged reimbursement for personnel who attained quantitative objective s. For instance, Henry Gantt modified Taylors compensation system to support workers more than a particular model. (Gortner, H.F., Mahler, J., Nicholson, J.B (2007) Emerson established incentive arrangement also known as Reward Strategy for strengthening persons composition. (Weber, M. (2007) Even though Demings imprecision of goal setting, in collaboration chronological records as well as present-day study sustain results that objectives perk up effectiveness. (Barkdull, C.W. (2005) In the present day, setting-up objectives is well thought-out to be the majority competent inspirational example leading to put up a concrete organization values. The extreme epitome of conventional administration by numbers ought to be eradicating from contemporary practices. (Anderson, C.R (2007) Study on goal setting in addition chains this disputation. At the same time as numerical objectives are placed, concentration, attempt, and force are aimed at quantity make up, eventually the consequence of this instance is that superiority suffers. (Bakke, W.E (2005) Studies specify that when ambitions are predetermined for solitary act aspect, additional dimensions will be sacrificed, as well as a transaction will take place. (Mahler, J., Nicholson (2007) Deming nor other researchers of goal setting were the first ones in recognizing this matter. A while back researchers have documented the quality and quantity presentation skill by probing the affiliation flanked by pace and correctness. Every individual has the aptitude to do business with the velocity for correctness. (Anderson, C.R (2007) A person typing might makeup a quick irregular draft in fewer amount of instants than it would take her to conclude a ready draft on the other hand it would include more mistakes. A biased orator might make an impression his spectators through the speed of his respond or he possibly will take his own time and systematize a rational disagreement. More or less each chore, a person can execute at changeable stages of accurateness based upon the pace of time. As a result, Demings apprehension concerning employees pursuing just quantity objectives comes out to be defensible. Conversely, despite the fact that Deming spotlights only on the disadvantageous pressure of extent principles, goal setting theorists be acquainted with that if in cooperation quantity as well as quality routine are of curiosity, objectives have got to be placed for both proportions. Emerging observed confirmation supports the verdict that in cooperation statistical and excellence in quality can be augmented by conveying double objectives. At the same time there happen to be a point of understanding flanked by goal setting hypothesis as well as Demingism. (Bakke, W.E (2005) Taylors approach: Moreover Taylors approach linked to scientific management is in relation to the perception of setting up of effort to attain effectiveness, consistency, interest and generalization. Scientific management collection was first and foremost alarmed with troubles with the functioning stage and did not put emphasis on decision-making organization and procedure. (Bakke, W.E (2005) Recognizing that the approach to augmented productivity was throughout common trust flanked by association along with staff, Taylor recommended that, to boost this point of belief, Firstly, the compensation of competence development have got to workers, Substantial pressure as well as nervousness ought to get rid of as much as probable, Ability of personnel must subsist and urbanized all the way through teaching, and The conventional boss concept have got to be eradicated (Weber, M. (2007) Webers approach: Weber was social scientist from Germany who observed as the guru of management sciences where the fundamental substance of traditional association hypothesis involving to configuration and administrative expansion and growth of the association. (Weber, M. (2007) Taking this into consideration the association as a part of wide social order, he based the discernment of the prearranged association on the following viewpoint: Arrangement: where the vacancies ought to be approved in a chain of command where there is a distinctive prearranged amount of accountability and power. Specialty: make a distinction on a practical base, as well as then estranged seeing the spot of skill, each having a detached pecking order. Obviousness and constancy: here one needs to operate in relation to a classification of events incorporating official policy and convention. Level-headedness employment: this entails selection of employees ought to be on a neutral basis. (Weber, M. (2007) Social equality: the right authorities must be identified and given designations and not picking people at random. (Rudy, Alan P (2005) Webers hypothesis is unwell on description of dysfunctions such as inflexibility, impersonality, dislocation of aim , and restraint of classification, persistence of oneself as well as empire building, cost of controls, along with nervousness to get better position. Practical management signifies basically the work out of power on the foundation of association. Authority for a sociologist is first and foremost exemplified surrounded by organizations by the procedure of power. (Weber, M. (2007) Weber categorizes organizations according to the temperament of that power: Magnetic capability is the consecrated or outstanding peculiarity of the individual; Traditional influence is the genuine reality a reverence for institution; Impartial legal influence is where a code or set of convention are emphasized The closing is the most important figure of influence presently replacing the basic use of exposed authority with chronological performance. Consistent with Weber balanced lawful power is attained all the way through the majority conversant form of association: system of government. (Weber, M. (2007) He disputes that managers ought to not rule all the way through random individual desire however by an official system of policy. He scheduled the viewpoint which underlies balanced legal power: A formally allowed regulations can be documented which can uphold compliance from members of the association; The regulation is a classification of hypothetical system which are applied to exacting cases; as well as administration looks subsequent to the welfare of the organization surrounded by the restrictions of that law; The individual exercising power in addition comply with this distant order; Simply all the way through being a constituent does the associate obey the law; Agreement is due not to the individual who upholds the power nevertheless to the incompatible order which has arranged him this smudge. (Bakke, W.E (2005) Weber is more often than not than not described as having supposed that system of government is the knowledgeable form of involvement. In actual fact, Weber alleged government to be mainly officially balanced structure of association. Bearing in mind, Weber imagined of administrative system as being more competent than unconventional forms, however it tends to make the office the center of association, also Weber did not contribute to the contemporary commencement of a practical association as being slow, stiff and lacking ability. His most significant dread was to set up ways of behaving which evades the deceit, unfairness and privileged behavior characterizing the mass 19th century associations. (Wetzel, David K (2006) Weber moreover built on this idea, where he outlined the distinctiveness of system of government in its most original shape. He believed that realistic authority would guide to a number of social outlay: An inclination to bring to a level the communal classes by consenting to an extensive variety of workers with technical resources to be in use by any association; (Bakke, W.E (2005) For the cause that of the time necessary to attain the necessary technological preparation; plutocracy should be formed A superior level of social equal opportunity owing to the ascendancy of the force of impersonality or lack of involvement. (Gulick, L., Urwick, L. (eds) (2007) Administrative approach: Fayol was the original guru of administrative theory where he viewed the managerial issues from the higher level. The basics of administrative theory transmit to success of everyday jobs, and include principles of management, the idea of line and staff, committees and tasks of management. Field Specialization: this boosts competence within technological and managerial work. Influence and accountability: it is significant for an organization to associate and attain the objectives and execute the vision and mission Controlling members of the association should respect the goals of the business. They have to furthermore accomplish with the official procedure of the association. Synchronization of power: meaning that taking direction from as well as being accountable to simply single superior. (Gulick, L., Urwick, L. (eds) (2007) Subordination of person interest to universal curiosity: the inquisitiveness of the association should not turn out to be agreeable to persons interests or the significance of a group of workers. (Hicks, G.H., Gullet, C.R (2007) Compensation of staff: is based on varied elements such as the amount of time one spends, tasks assigned, comparative rates, as well as additional benefit, profit-sharing or non-financial rewards. (Hicks, G.H., Gullet, C.R (2007) Centralized organizational administration must make use of a significant amalgamation of correspondingly centralized and de-centralized power and supervisory. (Hicks, G.H., Gullet, C.R (2007) Balanced sequence: If two associates who are on the comparable level of chain of command have got to work jointly to achieve an assignment, they have not to pursue the chain of command level, on the other hand can interconnect with one another on a mob lath if satisfactory to the superior representatives. Order: The association has a position for each and every person with a rationale who has to be so occupied. (Hicks, G.H., Gullet, C.R (2007) Impartiality justice, righteousness and fairness ought to thrive in the association. Constancy of term of workers: Job safety proceeds to personal arrangement and goals, where a person who is working in the organization needs a little time to get used to and adjust with the work and show results. Project initiation: This should be expectant and stirred.(Tosi, Carroll (2007) The awareness of workers: The perception of line as well as staff is pertinent in businesses which are large and necessitate interest of ability to reach organizational objectives. Line workers are the ones working unwaveringly to gain organizational objectives, whereas the staff comprises of those essentially function is to sustain and assist line personnel. (Tosi, H.L., Rizzo, J.R., Carroll, S (2007) Board: Board is a fraction of the association, where associates from the similar or dissimilar hierarchical levels from different departments can outline board member around a general objective . Moreover they can be assigned divergent jobs, for example executive, supervisory or suggestion . These committee members can be in various forms, for instance directors, task collections or unplanned committees. Such groups are furthermore separated in proportion to their role within the organization. Taking an example of an agricultural association these groups are made after a thorough study where they evaluate the candidates and allocate according to the land for implementation. (Tosi, H.L., Rizzo, J.R., Carroll, S (2007) Fayols management function: He alleged organization as a set of setting up, systematize, as well as schooling, commanding and coordinating functions. Management functions are also measured keeping in mind planning, organizing, hiring, assigning, coordinating, reporting as well as budgeting. (Tosi, H.L., Rizzo, J.R., Carroll, S (2007) Effects of Classical Management Theorists at present: as we are familiar with it today, management exists in all forms of association beginning from classified to communal and also non-profit. All the way through the years the dimension and intricacy of all types of organizations have developed, and consequently a distinct and specialized approach to the method of management has grown to be inexorableness. For example every management is a procedure or kind of task involving direction or course of people aligned with organization and the objectives. (Hicks, G.H., Gullet, C.R (2007) These theories in which this direction and guidance are achieved are several, on the other hand the groundwork stones to contemporary day hypothesis as well as management all together were laid in the times flanked by century turn as well as the great depression during the 1900 to the 1920s. Seeing that this period administrative perception has been identified as the old school of thought. The creators of this theory remained attentive on competence, together with the sector of managerial, routine along with technological supervision. Managerial organization draws attention to the flow of information within an association. Practical management relies on a rational set of structuring guiding principle; system and actions, pecking order, as well as apparent divisions of employment. On the other hand scientific management pays attention to one of the best possible way to do a job. (Tosi, Carroll, S (2007) The executive values of the traditional theorists were practical to supervisors as diminutive; owner-manager dealing developed into big companies and corporations by means of the development of the developed world. Today is a very diverse one to that of the previous era during the century of two major wars, a nuclear confrontation as well as rapid improvement in expertise. This statement is not convincing for a lot of corporations in the contemporary world. Also, it was recommended that every division of the association have a manifestly definite specialist and that the management should be neutral and impersonal, leading to all employees being treated evenly. The management functions were divided into five aspects that were the basis of management thoughts converted to actions, where Taylor pointed out that when at the factory management issues were raised, they were in need of innovative ways to manage those situations and challenges raised by the Industrial revolution authorities. Strength employees: Every organization needs to bear in mind that in order to execute timely and effectively they must have a below average turnover rate as well as long lasting dedication are essential for an experienced organization. Traditional philosophies of management developed throughout the beginning stage of the concluding century. (Hellriegel, D., Slocum J.W., Jr (2007) Dependence on familiarity: The old school of management, urbanized their perceptions and experiences as todays managers and executives with a typical organizational platform, where Taylor and Fayol contributed primarily from their knowledge through large developed organizations having steady surroundings. It might be foolish to generalize from those circumstances in particular to juvenile, high-technology firms of in the present day that are challenged on a day to day basis with hurdles. (Hellriegel, D., Slocum J.W., Jr (2007) Malfunction to mull over the relaxed association: stressing upon formal associations within the association, traditional approaches be apt to shell out no attention to casual dealings as distinguished through communal swapping among personnel, the materialization of team leaders distant from those particular by the official association, and so on. When such effects are not well thought-out, it is probable that a lot of significant aspects having an effect on contentment and act, such as allowing workers to participate in administrative and task development, will on no account be discovered or try. (Probst, Tahira M (2005) Unintentional cost: traditional theories aspire to achieving high effectiveness, at making conduct conventional, as well as achieving equality among workers and flanked by managers and workers; however they fail to be acquainted with that more than a few not deliberate charges can come about handy. For example, a serious importance on policy and rules might source employees to do as you are told rules blindly with no identification of their original purpose. Time and again, in view of the feature that regulations set up a least level of performance projected of workers, a bare minimum stage is all they bring about. Conceivably a lot more might be achieved if the policy were not so clear. (Woodward, J (2007) Individual mechanism: traditional hypothesis abscond the initiative that the association is an appliance whereas all the workers are just parts to be en suite into the instrument to make it run competently. As a result, a lot of the doctrines are alarmed initially through the making the organization efficient, through the hypothesis that personnel will be conventional to the work surroundings if the monetary enticements are satisfying. (Probst, Tahira M (2005) Seeing as more than a few of these condemnations of the typical school are inconsiderate, more than a few measures are to be made in resistance of authors all the way through this age. First, the labor force was not extremely sophisticated or skilled to execute a lot of jobs that subsist at the time. Also it was not a regular thing for employees to contemplate the word profession and individual growth. To a certain extent, the chance to grasp a safe job along with a stage of wages to create easy to get to for their family unit was all they need from the work situation. Succeeding, much of the text was written at the time where intellect was pacing all the through transformation and changed, in particular towards the area of industrialization. To end with, very little had been done beforehand in terms of creating a reasonable and practical body of management hypothesis, where more than a few traditional theorists wrote starting from nothing, being thankful primarily to be dependent on their individual understanding and clarification. As a result their focal point is rationally contracted. (Taylor, F.W (2007) Conclusion: In my view, classical theorists have viewed an organization as a congested system. A closed arrangement is one that has no surroundings and for this reasons no communication with outside world. However, this close system assumption regarding the organization is unrealistic. Accordingly the model fails to reflect on many of the environmental influences upon the organization as well as many significant internal aspects. Simplifying assumptions have been made in order to reduce hesitation, a process which often leads to an unfinished view of actual organizational situations. (Taylor, F.W (2007) Conventional theory takes an unbending and motionless view of the organization, even though it is a self-motivated occurrence which suggests that organizational patterns dare determined through constant adjustments. The adjustments are necessary keeping in view the requirements of organizational environment and its different internal parts. Therefore, the finest organizational prototype is one which meets its external and internal requirements, and these requirements are vigorous, ever-changing. A major denigration of the classical theory concerns with its impractical supposition regarding human behavior. Classical theorists lack sensitivity to the behavioral dimensions of an organization and make over-simplified and mechanistic assumptions for the smooth running of organizations, ignoring the extreme complexity of human behavior. They take human beings in the organization as an inert instrument performing the tasks assigned to them. Further, there is a tendency to view personnel as given rather than as a changeable in the organization. As a result, they have ignored the socio-psychological as well as motivational aspects of human behavior. For that reason the treatment of human beings in the organization on the pattern of classical assumptions may lead to aggravation, disagreement, and collapse. (Woodward, J (2007) The wide-ranging traditional notions as well as most important viewpoint written by practitioners in organization are based just in the lead of individual understanding and imperfect examination. The main beliefs have not positioned the remaining of thorough experiential study by means of technical means. In addition, it is not understandable that if the values are for action commendation, or characterization. Seeing that from exacting standpoint it turns out to be essential to classify a number of self-sufficient stipulations of what in real fact an association is, therefore that the values do not turn out to be on the whole a part of the explanation of an association. In view of the fact that, it was not done with any constancy, these main beliefs turn out to be empirically empty-headed. Possibly, the mainly vital malfunction of organizational administration hypothesis is that it does not match with observance. The hypothesis is apt to disband when go through a test structure. As a result not even a single attitude is appropriate to each and every managerial circumstance as well as every now and then one contradicts each other. (Taylor, F.W (2007) Traditional theorists, above all managerial theorists, have recommended that an assortment of main beliefs of organization have widespread submission. This suggests that the similar ideology can be practical within for example diverse association, organization intensity of the matching organization, and/or purpose of that particular organization. Pragmatic study, nevertheless, recommend that there is not even a distinct opinion which is appropriate in all these state of affairs. Additionally a lot of the ideologies are within paradoxical point. For example, standard of specialization is often in clash amid the principle of unity of control. Accordingly, subsequent to the basic standard main beliefs the most important support of traditional conjecture have been inquired or they are not appropriate or related lacking a lot of remuneration: Hierarchical construction is the fundamental basis of power associations within any organizations, where it signified the conformity of people individuals relationships in an organization. However a big concern stuck between the organization chain of command is based upon the arrangement within the association and the mounting significance of technical development. (Taylor, F.W (2007) The traditional approach to the extent of organization deals with oversimplification exemplifying comprehensive of the junior staff member for a valuable period. The hypothesis suggests a slender span of group as well as stipulates a detailed number of subordinates under the direct supervision of one manger. On the other hand, the operational loom put forward that this is not so and a wider span of management is far superior for decision-making implementation. (Woodward, J (2007) The principle of scalar-functional put forward that the control liken the ability of people in point of fact performing managerial roles. This supposition of traditional hypothesis does not hold superiority for the reason that in actual practice capability may exceed power. As a result these situation need adjustment flanked by work and persons. Neo-classists are familiar with two deficit of this set, where initially it is not probable to increase a genuine feel of person aptitude subsequently that an ample contest can be made flanked by persons ability and lines of managerial career prospect. Secondly harmonizing of the capability and influence is additionally customized by the untailored relations. Consequently what is prearranged as a balance within the logic of bureaucrat organization might not be factual. (Woodward, J (2007)

Saturday, July 20, 2019

Influence of Religion on Society during the Fifteenth and Sixteenth Cen

Influence of Religion on Society during the Fifteenth and Sixteenth Centuries The undeniable power, force, and influence of religion stand out throughout history. However, according to J. Michael Allen and James B. Allen in World History from 1500, in the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries, religion was exceptionally important, because it had a great influence on everything from government to social order and family relationships (16). Hundreds of years may separate these two time periods and the modern world, but the same positive effects of religion such as unity, security, and a social order are still basic ideals in today’s world. This is also true for the negative effects such as the conflicts that result in war and bloodshed, the separation of social classes, and the corruption throughout the church, especially the recent sex scandal in the Catholic church. In order to appreciate the impacts of religion during the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries the positive and negative effects of this era must be understood. During the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries, religion gave people a sense of belonging. Belonging to a church was important during this time because it gave people a sense of security and support. This was important because it made it much easier to deal with everyday problems and issues. For instance, diseases and death were extremely common during this time period, because of the lack of medicine and technology. So, religion played an extremely important role in giving people a â€Å"guiding light† to pray for support, health, and help. People also had a sense of spiritual protection in everyday life and also in the afterlife. With a sense of protection, they lived a life with less fear of d... ...o this period, giving people the background of such problems. Works Cited Allen, Michael J., and James B. Allen. World History from 1500. New York: Harper Collins, 1993. Conquest of Paradise. Dir. Ridley Scott. Perf. Gerald Despardieu, Armand Assante, and Sigorney Weaver. Bravo Special Presentation. Class Film. HSS-212-003. Fall Semester. September 12, 2002. Conquistadors. Dir. David Wallace. Narr. Michael Wood. Maya Vision. PBS Presentation, 7 Aug. 2001. Class Film. HSS-212-003. Fall Semester. September 19, 2002. Joan of Arc. Written by Micahel Alexander Miller and Ronald Parker . Dir. Christian Duguay. Perf. Leelee Sobieski, Chad Willett, Peter Strauss and Peter O’Toole. Class Movie. HSS-212-003. Fall Semester. 2002 Mary, Queen of Scots. Nar. Star Jones. A&E Special Presentation. Class Movie. HSS-212-003. Fall Semester. September 26, 2002.

Friday, July 19, 2019

Teacher Quality in Education Essay -- essays papers

Teacher Quality in Education Teacher quality has a major influence on how the students will learn and perceive the information given. As time has gone by, teachers have gone through many things that can help them become better teachers. There are tests in which to certify them and to make sure that they can teach to their best ability. In some cases, even if a teacher is certified they might not be fully interested in their teaching so the students might not be getting the full attention that they need and they might not be working to the best of their abilities. They feel that if the teacher isn’t showing interest, then why should they. Teacher burnout is something that occurs in teachers when they become disinterested in their teaching. All of these things are major factors in teacher quality and this essay will prove how these aspects lead to either positive or negative teacher quality. Throughout history it has been a long process in getting teachers to be certified. â€Å"In 1858, the superintendent first authorizes that teachers need to be certified. In the year of 1873, the state board of education created an examination that teachers needed to pass in order to be certified within the school systems. In 1876, the board of education of cities of the first and second class were authorized to certify teachers. In 1893, the state board of education authorized to substitute credit from approved colleges for examination in those subjects as qualification for the certification of teachers. In 1909, the state board of education authorized to issue certificates to high school graduates completing high school normal training courses and passing a state examination. In the year of 1915, the legislature set Bachelor degr... ... 8, 2003. http://npin.org/pnews/2001/pnew1101/int1101d.html This article states that how a teacher teaches their students affects their abilities in and out of the classroom. The article also gives ideas on how parents can get involved and make sure that the kids are getting the best education that they can. Klicka, C. (2003). The Myth of Teacher Qualifications. Obtained from the internet on November 8, 2003. http://www.hslda.org/docs/nche/000002/00000214.asp This article is stating the things that help to make a teacher more qualified to teach. It also says that even some qualified teachers should not be qualified because they aren’t putting their greatest effort into it. No Author Stated. (2002). Teacher Certification. Obtained from the internet on November 8, 2003. http://www.kckps.org/disthistory/state_school_history/tchr_certification.htm Teacher Quality in Education Essay -- essays papers Teacher Quality in Education Teacher quality has a major influence on how the students will learn and perceive the information given. As time has gone by, teachers have gone through many things that can help them become better teachers. There are tests in which to certify them and to make sure that they can teach to their best ability. In some cases, even if a teacher is certified they might not be fully interested in their teaching so the students might not be getting the full attention that they need and they might not be working to the best of their abilities. They feel that if the teacher isn’t showing interest, then why should they. Teacher burnout is something that occurs in teachers when they become disinterested in their teaching. All of these things are major factors in teacher quality and this essay will prove how these aspects lead to either positive or negative teacher quality. Throughout history it has been a long process in getting teachers to be certified. â€Å"In 1858, the superintendent first authorizes that teachers need to be certified. In the year of 1873, the state board of education created an examination that teachers needed to pass in order to be certified within the school systems. In 1876, the board of education of cities of the first and second class were authorized to certify teachers. In 1893, the state board of education authorized to substitute credit from approved colleges for examination in those subjects as qualification for the certification of teachers. In 1909, the state board of education authorized to issue certificates to high school graduates completing high school normal training courses and passing a state examination. In the year of 1915, the legislature set Bachelor degr... ... 8, 2003. http://npin.org/pnews/2001/pnew1101/int1101d.html This article states that how a teacher teaches their students affects their abilities in and out of the classroom. The article also gives ideas on how parents can get involved and make sure that the kids are getting the best education that they can. Klicka, C. (2003). The Myth of Teacher Qualifications. Obtained from the internet on November 8, 2003. http://www.hslda.org/docs/nche/000002/00000214.asp This article is stating the things that help to make a teacher more qualified to teach. It also says that even some qualified teachers should not be qualified because they aren’t putting their greatest effort into it. No Author Stated. (2002). Teacher Certification. Obtained from the internet on November 8, 2003. http://www.kckps.org/disthistory/state_school_history/tchr_certification.htm

Virgils Aeneid as Roman Propaganda Essay example -- Aeneid Essays

Virgil's Aeneid as Roman Propaganda  Ã‚   Rome was experiencing a great deal of internal turmoil during the period when Virgil wrote the Aeneid. There was somewhat of an identity crisis in Rome as it had no definitive leader, or history. With the ascension of Augustus to the throne, Rome was unified again. Still, it had no great book. The Greeks had their Odyssey, giving them a sense of history and of continuity through time. A commonly held view is that the Aeneid attempts to provide the Romans with this sense of continuity or roots. There is a great deal of textual evidence to support this interpretation. Virgil makes numerous references to the greatness of Rome through "ancient" prophecies. Clearly, the entire poem is an account of the founders of Rome. In some sense, this does make the Aeneid seem as a piece of propaganda. However, upon closer examination, there is another idea that Virgil presents. War is painted as a vicious and bloody, not some glorious event. The image of war condemns the concept of Rome as the all-p owerful conqueror of other nations. Not only that, but the strong emphasis on duty is frequently mocked. These underlying ideas would seem to run contrary to the theory that Virgil was simply producing a synthesized history of ancient Romans. In order to determine the true intent of the Aeneid, it is important that both ideas presented be examined. "I sing of warfare and a man at war†¦Till he could found a city†¦the high walls of Rome." (Book I, 1-12) There can be no dispute that the Aeneid is an account of the history of Rome. There are several items which with Virgil links the story of Aeneas to the Rome of his time period. Probably the most obvious of these is the surplus of predictions concerning Rome’... ...many readers today still are). No one can be entirely sure of Virgil’s true intent in writing the Aeneid. Perhaps he meant it as a glorification of Rome that had some discrepancies in it. Perhaps he meant it as an attack upon the character of Rome with some inconsistencies. Either way, it does not work well. Whatever Virgil’s argument, he compromises it by playing up the opposite argument. If Virgil meant to attack Rome, he failed in some respects. Likewise, if he meant the Aeneid to be a work of Roman propaganda, he was ineffective. Works Cited and Consulted Horsfall, Nicholas, ed. A Companion to the Study of Virgil. Leiden, New York, and Kà ¶ln: E. J. Brill, 1995. Putnam, Michael C. J. â€Å"Anger, Blindness, and Insight in Virgil's Aeneid.† Apeiron 23 (1990): 7-40. Virgil. Aeneid. Dover Thrift Edition. Trans. Charles J. Billson. New York: Dover, 1995. Virgil's Aeneid as Roman Propaganda Essay example -- Aeneid Essays Virgil's Aeneid as Roman Propaganda  Ã‚   Rome was experiencing a great deal of internal turmoil during the period when Virgil wrote the Aeneid. There was somewhat of an identity crisis in Rome as it had no definitive leader, or history. With the ascension of Augustus to the throne, Rome was unified again. Still, it had no great book. The Greeks had their Odyssey, giving them a sense of history and of continuity through time. A commonly held view is that the Aeneid attempts to provide the Romans with this sense of continuity or roots. There is a great deal of textual evidence to support this interpretation. Virgil makes numerous references to the greatness of Rome through "ancient" prophecies. Clearly, the entire poem is an account of the founders of Rome. In some sense, this does make the Aeneid seem as a piece of propaganda. However, upon closer examination, there is another idea that Virgil presents. War is painted as a vicious and bloody, not some glorious event. The image of war condemns the concept of Rome as the all-p owerful conqueror of other nations. Not only that, but the strong emphasis on duty is frequently mocked. These underlying ideas would seem to run contrary to the theory that Virgil was simply producing a synthesized history of ancient Romans. In order to determine the true intent of the Aeneid, it is important that both ideas presented be examined. "I sing of warfare and a man at war†¦Till he could found a city†¦the high walls of Rome." (Book I, 1-12) There can be no dispute that the Aeneid is an account of the history of Rome. There are several items which with Virgil links the story of Aeneas to the Rome of his time period. Probably the most obvious of these is the surplus of predictions concerning Rome’... ...many readers today still are). No one can be entirely sure of Virgil’s true intent in writing the Aeneid. Perhaps he meant it as a glorification of Rome that had some discrepancies in it. Perhaps he meant it as an attack upon the character of Rome with some inconsistencies. Either way, it does not work well. Whatever Virgil’s argument, he compromises it by playing up the opposite argument. If Virgil meant to attack Rome, he failed in some respects. Likewise, if he meant the Aeneid to be a work of Roman propaganda, he was ineffective. Works Cited and Consulted Horsfall, Nicholas, ed. A Companion to the Study of Virgil. Leiden, New York, and Kà ¶ln: E. J. Brill, 1995. Putnam, Michael C. J. â€Å"Anger, Blindness, and Insight in Virgil's Aeneid.† Apeiron 23 (1990): 7-40. Virgil. Aeneid. Dover Thrift Edition. Trans. Charles J. Billson. New York: Dover, 1995.

Thursday, July 18, 2019

Globalization Test Questions

Chapter 1 Expanding abroad: Motivations, means, and mentalities True/False 1. The largest MNEs are equivalent in their economic importance to less developed economies such as Tanzania, Estonia or Sri Lanka. Answer: False (Sales of the largest MNEs exceed the GDPs of less developed countries. ) Difficulty: Easy Page: 4 and Table 1-1 on page 3 Topic: MNE scope and influence 2. The process of internationalization followed by most firms is usually well-thought out in advance and typically builds on a combination of rational analysis, planning and implementation.Answer: False (It is more likely a combination of rational analysis, opportunism, and luck. In regards to opportunism, several studies have found that most firms begin exporting due to an unsolicited export order. ) Difficulty: Moderate Page: 9 Topic: Internationalization process3. A joint venture is a contractual mode of foreign entry involving a high level of resource commitment by all partners. Answer: False (A JV will not typically require as high a resource commitment as we would see in wholly owned subsidiaries. In addition, there is significant variability in the level of resources contributed by partners. ) Difficulty: Moderate Page: 10 Topic: Foreign entry mode4. Emerging motivations for internationalization include the desire to enhance the firm’s competitive position and the desir e to develop global scanning capabilities. Answer: True Difficulty: Easy Page: 6-7 and ppt slide 1-6 Topic: Motivations for internationalization5. For an MNE to exist, first foreign countries must provide location-specific advantages to attract the company to invest there, second the company must have ownership-specific advantages that counteract its liability of foreignness, third the company must have the organizational capability to leverage its strategic advantages more effectively internally than externally. Answer: True Difficulty: Moderate Page: 7-8 Topic: Prerequisites for internationalization6. An MNE with a ‘multinational perspective’ will typically be managed as a coordinated federation. Answer: False (It will typically be managed as a decentralized federation. ) Difficulty: Moderate Page: 11-12 and ppt slide 1-13 Topic: The evolving mentality: international to transnational7. An MNE with a ‘global perspective’ will typically manage its operation s centrally. Answer: True Difficulty: Moderate Page: 12-13 and ppt slide 1-13 Topic: The evolving mentality: international to transnational8. An MNE with a ‘transnational perspective’ will typically be managed as an integrated network. Answer: True Difficulty: Moderate Page: 13-14 and ppt slide 1-13 Topic: The evolving mentality: international to transnationalMultiple Choice9. Which of the following correctly describes the sequential evolution in management thinking with respect to the strategic role of foreign operations in emerging MNEs? a. global mentality, multinational mentality, international mentality, transnational mentality. b. international mentality, global mentality, transnational mentality, multinational mentality. c. multinational mentality, global mentality, international mentality, transnational mentality. d. international mentality, multinational mentality, global mentality, transnational mentality.Answer: d (a, b, and c are incorrect because, although they describe the different ways of management thinking regarding the strategic role of foreign operations in emerging MNEs, they do not describe the evolution of this thinking in the correct sequence. ) Difficulty: Moderate Page: 11-14 Topic: Evolving mentality toward strategic role of foreign operations10. A franchise, such as McDonald’s, is a _________ mode of foreign entry. a. low commitment, low control b. low commitment, moderate control c. low commitment, high control d. moderate commitment, moderate controlAnswer: b (a, c, and d would describe indirect export, contract manufacturing, and joint venture foreign modes of entry respectively. ) Difficulty: Moderate Page: 10 (figure 1-2) Topic: Foreign entry mode11. A joint venture is a _________ mode of foreign entry. a. low commitment, low control b. low commitment, moderate control c. low commitment, high control d. moderate commitment, moderate control Answer: d (a, b, and c would describe indirect export, franchise, an d contract manufacturing foreign modes of entry respectively. ) Difficulty: Moderate Page: 10 (figure 1-2)Topic: Foreign entry mode12. Pashpa Co. is a new manufacturer of home appliances. Pashpa wants to go international. Some of the traditional motivations for pursuing internationalization include: a. securing key supplies, seeking new markets, and raising global scanning and learning capabilities b. securing key supplies, seeking new markets, and improving competitive positioning c. securing key supplies, seeking new markets and accessing low-cost factors of production d. securing key supplies, improving competitive positioning, and accessing low-cost factors of productionAnswer: c (a, b, and d are incorrect because ‘raising global scanning and learning capabilities’ and ‘improving competitive positioning’ are not traditional motivations for pursuing internationalization, they are emerging motivations. ) Difficulty: Moderate Page: 4-6 Topic: Motivations f or internationalization13. One motivation behind internationalization is to sustain the firm’s competitive position. To pursue a sustainable competitive position relative to its rivals in the athletic clothing industry, Nike attempts to: a. reempt markets, capture global scale, and secure raw materials b. capture global scale, access scarce knowledge, and match competitors c. match competitors, capture global scale, and preempt markets d. exploit factor cost differences, preempt markets, and match competitors Answer: c (a, b, and d are incorrect because ‘securing raw materials’, ‘accessing scarce knowledge’, and ‘exploiting factor cost differences’ may give a company a temporary competitive advantage but not a sustainable competitive advantage. ) Difficulty: Hard Page: 4-7Topic: Motivations for internationalization14. _________ suggests that in the first stage innovations are produced in the home developed country; in the second stage th ey are exported to other similarly developed countries; in the third stage, they start being produced in these developed countries; in the fourth stage they start being produced in low-wage developing countries. a. Vernon’s product cycle theory b. Johanson and Vahlne’s stages theory c. Dunning’s eclectic theory d. Levitt’s globalization theory Answer: a Difficulty: Moderate Page: 5-6, 8 Topic: Motivations for internationalization15. Which of the following constitutes a list of foreign entry modes that involve the MNE to make a foreign investment a. Greenfield, acquisition, joint venture and capital participation b. Greenfield, acquisition, joint venture and license c. Franchising, acquisition, joint venture and capital participation d. Greenfield, acquisition, cooperation agreements and capital participation Answer: a (Licensing, franchising, and many forms of cooperation may not entail an MNE making an investment. Difficulty: Easy Page: 9-10 Topic: Forei gn entry modes16. OfficeWare Corp. is an MNE that produces and sells office equipment. If the company’s CEO employs a ‘global mentality’ toward the strategic role of the company’s foreign operations, then we would expect that OfficeWare: a. regards its overseas markets as a portfolio of local opportunities. b. leverages its domestic capabilities worldwide. c. regards the world as a single unit of analysis. d. simultaneously responds to local needs, global demands and cross-border learning opportunities.Answer: c (a, b, and d would represent multinational, international, and transnational mentalities respectively. ) Difficulty: Moderate Page: 11-14 Topic: The evolving mentality: international to transnational Essay17. The CEO of Paragon Ltd. wants to take his company international. What are the three big questions he must answer before expanding abroad? Answer: The three questions this CEO must answer before expanding abroad are: a. What market opportunitie s, sourcing advantages or strategic imperatives will drive the company’s international expansion? . How will the company expand its foreign presence – through exports, licensing, joint ventures, wholly owned subsidiaries or some other means? c. How will the attitudes, assumptions and beliefs of Paragon’s employees impact the probability of the company succeeding in its efforts to internationalize? Difficulty: Moderate Page: 1 (box insert) Topic: Internationalization18. Rana manages an Italian fashion design company. What would motivate Rana’s company to internationalize? Answer: i) Traditional motivations might include: securing key supplies, seeking new markets and accessing low-cost factors of production (e. g. labor, capital, etc. ); (ii) Emerging motivations might include: increasing scale economies to offset significant R&D investments, shortening product life cycles, improving a company’s competitive position and enhancing a company’s global scanning and learning capabilities. Difficulty: Easy Page: 4-7 Topic: Motivations behind internationalization19. Briefly explain the product cycle of personal computers using Raymond Vernon’s product cycle theory. Answer:This theory suggests that early in a product’s life-cycle, all the parts and labor needed to manufacture the product will be sourced from the locale in which the product was invented. As the product is increasingly adopted and distributed in global markets, production gradually shifts away from the point of origin. In some cases, the product ultimately becomes a good that is imported into the country in which it was originally invented. For example, in the case of personal computers, during the new product stage, the computer was produced and purchased by consumers in the United States and little export trade occurred.During the maturing product stage, mass-production techniques were developed and foreign demand (in developed countries) expanded . At this point, the U. S. began to export the product to other developed countries. In the standardized product stage, production moved to developing countries, which then export the product to developed countries. Difficulty: Moderate Page: 5-6 Topic: Product cycle theory20. Briefly compare and contrast the Uppsala Internationalization Model and the Born Global Model. Under what circumstances is each model most applicable?Give examples to support your arguments. Answer: According to the Uppsala Model, companies internationalize in an incremental fashion. Typically, they start by utilizing foreign entry modes that require low levels of resource commitment and low levels of control over foreign activities (e. g. exporting). The model conceptualizes subsequent stages in the internationalization process as requiring higher levels of resource commitment and providing higher levels of control over foreign activities (e. g. wholly owned subsidiary). The experience of Toyota is consistent with the Uppsala Model.According to the Born Global Model, some companies are born global, establishing significant international operations immediately or shortly after the company is launched. These firms do not employ an incremental approach. Instead, these firms aggressively pursue internationalization due to their internal orientation or the need to move quickly due to the nature of their products or services. The experience of many internet companies is consistent with the Born Global Model. Difficulty: Moderate Page: 9-10 Topic: Process of internationalization21.Roy is the CEO of a multinational apparel company. How would he conceptualize the strategic role of his firm’s foreign operations if he possessed a ‘global mentality’? If he possessed a ‘multinational mentality’? Answer: If Roy possessed a global mentality, he would view the world as a single unit of analysis and he would centralize the management of the firm’s foreign operatio ns. Thus, he would drive the firm to create products for a world market and manufacture them on a global scale in a few highly efficient plants, often located at the corporate center.However, if Roy possessed a multinational mentality, he would regard foreign markets as a portfolio of local opportunities and manage his company as a decentralized federation. Thus, he would recognize and emphasize the differences between national markets and operating environments and modify his products, strategies and management practices on a country-by-country basis. Difficulty: Moderate Page: 11-13 Topic: Mentalities toward internationalization22. What is an MNE? Give examples to explain the difference between companies that are considered MNEs and those that are not. Answer:An MNE is a company that engages in the active management of substantial direct investment in one or more foreign countries and that considers those investments/operations as integral parts of the company, both strategically and organizationally. Thus, companies that solely rely on import-export business are not considered MNEs. They may be considered international companies but not multi-national enterprises (MNEs). Moreover, companies that passively manage an investment portfolio (as opposed to those that actively manage foreign assets) are not considered MNEs. Difficulty: Easy Page: 2 Topic: MNE definition23.Briefly compare and contrast the four mentalities toward internationalization. Answer: Companies that have an international mentality produce products for the domestic market and only subsequently sell these products overseas. They transfer innovation and knowledge from the parent company to the foreign operators. These companies view themselves essentially as domestic with some foreign appendages. Companies that have a multinational mentality modify their products, strategies, and management practices country by country. These companies view themselves as nationally sensitive and responsive, thu s the term multinational.Companies that have a global mentality create products for a world market and manufacture them on a global level in a few highly efficient plants. These companies view the world, not just individual national markets, as their unit of analysis. Companies that have a transnational mentality are responsive to country-level operations; however, they coordinate these operations to sustain competitive effectiveness and economic efficiency. These companies view themselves as an integrated network. Difficulty: Moderate Page: 11-14 Topic: Mentalities toward internationalization