Geographical Information Systems (Gis)

1. spacial teaching atomic number 18 what drive a GIS. Spatial features or entities and their attributes ar stored in computers using a number of spacial info models. It is vital to understand the characteristics of them since the info model employed has considerable operate on the functionality of the GIS. Spatial info tail oppose material creative activity features with discrete boundaries (such as lanes, buildings, lakes, rivers, administrative boundaries) as well as real world phenomena with non-discrete boundaries (such as precipitation and nutrient levels, terrain).The basic approaches are raster info model and vector selective information model. Depending on the type of problem that necessarily to be solved, the type of social occasions that need to be made, and the selective information source, either raster or vector, or a combination of the two force out be utilisationd. apiece selective information model has strengths and weaknesses in terms of func tionality and mapation. Raster Data Model vector Data Model Descriptions The raster info model is the simpler model and is based on the division of reality into a regular grid of identically do cellphones.Raster selective information represent the landscape as a rectangular ground substance of square cells. In raster data model, attributes are limited to the numeric value of the cells themselves, and plot of ground it is mathematical to link additional attributes to the groups of cells having same values, which is rarely make in practice beca cave in of the low utilizing value and cumber just about data management. In vector data model, an objects shape is represented by dots which are located where the shape of the object changes.The dots which are known as vertices are joined by straight lines. Vector data represent features as discrete checks, lines, and polygons. In vector model, as a point of difference, vector objects are additionally described by virtuoso or mo re than characteristics, in GIS called attributes. Vector files attributes are stored in tables which consists of dis dumbfounds (rows) representing individual features, palm (columns) representing a particular theme describing the feature, and attributes that refers to an intersection between a record and a work. Advantages * The geo in writing(p)alalal location of each cell is implied by its position in the cell matrix. Accordingly, no geographical coordinates are stored other than an reservoir point. * Due to the nature of the data storage technique data compendium is commonly easy to program and quick to perform. * The inherent nature of raster maps that is one attribute maps, is ideally suited for mathematical modeling and quantitative analysis. * Grid-cell arrangings are very compatible with raster-based output devices. As reconnaissance satellites and aerial surveys use raster-based s stinkpotners, the information raft be directly incorporated into GIS. * Data ass hole be represented at its original resolution and form without generalization. * in writing(predicate) output is usually more aesthetically pleasing (traditional cartographic representation). * Allows undersized representation of points, boundaries, and linear features. * Accurate geographical location of data is maintained. * Since roughly data, e. g. hard copy maps, is in vector form no data conversion is required. Allows for efficient encoding of topology and operations that require topological information. Disadvantages * The cell size determines the resolution at which the data is represented. * It is especially rocky to adequately represent linear features depending on the cell resolution. Accordingly, network linkages are difficult to establish. * Processing of associated attribute data may be cumbersome if openhanded amounts of data exist. Raster maps inherently reflect only one attribute or characteristic for an area. Since some input data is in vector form, data m ust undergo vector-to-raster conversion. Besides increased processing requirements this may get in data integrity concerns due to generalization and choice of inappropriate cell size. * Most output maps from grid-cell systems do non conform to high-quality cartographic needs. * The boundaries of the resulting map polygons are discrete whereas in reality the map polygons may represent continuous gradation or gradual change, as in landed e tell maps. * The location of each vertex needs to be stored explicitly. Vector data must be converted into a topological structure to carry out in effect(p) analysis, which is often processing intensive and requires extensive data cleaning. * Continuous data is not effectively represented in vector form that usually requires substantial data generalization or interpolation for these data layers. * Spatial analysis and filtering interiors polygons is impossible. References Heywood, I. S. (2006). Heywood, I. , S. Cornelius, and S. Carver. New York Pearson Prentice Hall. Lo, C. P. (n. d. ). Concepts and Techniques of Geographic Information . Pearson pedagogy Inc. Technology, T.U. (n. d. ). The GIS Spatial Data Model. Retrieved November 16, 2012, from Introduction to Geographic Information Systems in woods Resources http//courses. washington. edu/gis250/lessons/introduction_gis/spatial_data_model. html Buckey, D. J. (n. d. ). VECTOR AND RASTER ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES. Retrieved November 16, 2012, from Biodiversity GIS http//bgis. sanbi. org/gis-primer/page_19. htm 2. Basic concept of GIS As the name implies, geographic information systems (GIS) are systems designed to be input, store, edit, retrieve, analyze, and output geographic data and information.It is composed of an orchestrated set of parts, which includes computer hardware and software, space and organizations inwardly which these reside, personnel who use the system in numerous levels and capacities, data and information upon which the system operates, c lients who obtain and use the products, vendors who supply the hardware and software, and other systems within which the GIS functions. These parts allow it to perform its many interrelated problems well. The main task of a GIS is to analyze spatially referenced data and information. there are versatile ways of classifying the analytical and modeling capabilities of GIS as many of these capabilities interact. Ultimately, the software most certainly contains algorithms and computer code specifically designed to (i) Organize geographic data within appropriate referencing systems, (ii) Selectively research those data and meat them for easy understanding, (iii) Count and measure both individual objects and collections of objects, (iv) Classify and sort objects based on user specified properties, (v) Overlay related thematic map data, vi) And be able to combine these individual techniques into ordered sequences of operations designed to simulate some natural or anthropogenic activit ies for decisiveness making. One of the purposes of using GIS is to scoop up observations of the real world and simplify and get over the data into graphical elements to which are related descriptive features termed attributes. Database management system (DBMS) is used to maintain the attributes while the graphical elements are described in any one of two general types of spatial structure which are vector and tessellation.Vector structures which refer to discrete elements, points, lines, and polygons, are represented digitally by a series of 2-D coordinates (x and y) that imply magnitude and direction. Whereas tessellation refers to representation of spatial data with a network of elements such as rectangles, squares, hexagons, equilateral triangles, and irregular rectangles. In general, vector methods are more suitable for mapping and performing spatial queries, while tessellation is more suitable to represent continuous surfaces such as topography.The history of maturation of GIS parallels the history of developments in digital computers and database management systems as wells as those in cartography and automation of map performance. The development of GIS has also relied upon innovations made in other sectors including geography, photogrammetry, remote sensing, civil engineering, and statistics. Generally, GIS tooshie be very beneficial in various fields that some organizations are utilizing it, such as retail, utilities, environment, local government, health care, transportation and pecuniary services.However, it could go wrong if the organization was not really sure how it could use it. It should be determined that how an organization uses spatial data and whether the current practices can be automated, and also identify any tonic processes which would be effectual to help decision making. Some people believe that there is no difference between computer-assisted cartography (CAC), computer aided drafting ( bounder), and GIS. Because the graphi c display from these three systems can look identical to both day-by-day and trained observers.Nonetheless, CAC computer systems that designed to create maps from geographical objects combined with descriptive attributes are excellent for display but lack of the analytical capabilities of a GIS. Also, for pure mapping purposes, CAC is highly desirable for the input, design, and output of mappable data or else than working through the myriad analytics of GIS to produce a simple map. Whereas CAD is developed to produce graphic images that is excellent for architects, but it is not undefendable of analyzing maps that it is the primary task assigned to the GIS.A successful GIS may not be an off-the-shelf solution to your problems, while it go out require considerable archetype for a successful implementation. Applications Nowadays, GIS technologies have been applied to diverse sectors to assist experts and professionals in analyzing various types of geospatial data and dealing with complex situations. GIS plays a vital place to help people collect and analyze related spatial data as well as to display data in diverse formats in business, education, transportation, public safety, natural resources, mapping and charting, geospatial intelligence, government, tourism, and health service.In agriculture, GIS can be very beneficial too as the ability of GIS to analyze and count on agricultural environments and workflows has contributed much in the farming industry. Balancing the inputs and outputs on a farm as a fundamental to agriculture success and profitableness can be determined easily through GIS. Pest/ indisposition introduce, farm management, crop monitoring, yield prediction and soil analysis can easily be done through GIS.From mobile GIS in the field to the scientific analysis of production data at the farm theatre directors office, GIS is playing an increasing situation in agriculture production by helping farmers increase production, reduce cost, and manage their land more effectively. In natural resource management, GIS has also played important role in various natural coverings. For example, groundwater recharge potential drop evaluation platform, soil database query system, biodiversity geographic information system, climate rainfall map system, private forest land management system, water body quality and pollutant management system, as well as rainfall analysis system.In planning and economical development, GIS helps economic developers in effective decision-making that it conducts analysis, displays and disseminates results and makes informed decisions about where to locate new businesses or grow existing ones. GIS technology is really powerful and efficient in helping economic developers sustain economic recovery and growth. The necessary platform for visualization, modeling, analysis, and collaboration can be provided by GIS tools and help the economic developers to achieve their goals.Next, for public safety, G IS contributes a lot especially in disaster management. There are some systems introduced to detect and prevent disasters such as GIS-based campus essential system, disaster prevention area planning, urban disaster prevention spatial system, and emergency response digital map platform. However, remote sensing can be combined with GIS to produce a better tool in disaster management. For example, the Wellington Regional Council (WRC) in New Zealand has developed a comprehensive library of earthquake hazard maps.The data have been digitized and forms part of the WRC GIS. Black and white copies of the maps are faxed to media outlets, police and emergency services while GIS/GPS were employ to monitor the daily spread of the fire, measure fire curtailment actions and assess damage to structures and to natural and cultural sources. Bibliography Basic Concepts. (n. d. ). Retrieved November 13, 2012, from http//www. ce. utexas. edu/prof/maidment/gishydro/docs/reports/metalworker/sect3. pd f Buckey, D. J. (n. d. ). VECTOR AND RASTER ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES.Retrieved November 16, 2012, from Biodiversity GIS http//bgis. sanbi. org/gis-primer/page_19. htm Demer, M. N. (2009). Fundamental of Geographical Information Systems (4th Edition). United States of America Wiley. GIS lotion in disaster management some examples. (n. d. ). Retrieved November 2012, 13, from GIS development http//www. gisdevelopment. net/ practise/natural_hazards/overview/nho0001. htm Heywood, I. S. (2006). Heywood, I. , S. Cornelius, and S. Carver. New York Pearson Prentice Hall. Linda Loubert, P. n. d. ). GIS for Economic Development. Retrieved November 13, 2012, from esri http//www. esri. com/library/bestpractices/economic-development. pdf Lo, C. P. (n. d. ). Concepts and Techniques of Geographic Information . Pearson fosterage Inc. Rabley, P. (2009, June). GIS for Agriculture. Retrieved November 13, 2012, from ESRI http//www. esri. com/library/bestpractices/gis-for-agriculture. pdf SuperGeo . (n. d. ). Retrieved November 13, 2012, from GIS Applications http//www. supergeotek. com/library_GISApplication. spx Technology, T. U. (n. d. ). The GIS Spatial Data Model. Retrieved November 16, 2012, from Introduction to Geographic Information Systems in Forest Resources http//courses. washington. edu/gis250/lessons/introduction_gis/spatial_data_model. html 3. Future of GIS Geographical Information System (GIS) is a technological tool designed to store, analyze and display geographical data so that a person reading a map can select data necessary for a specific project or task. The demand for GIS tools is constantly growing.Comparing to the early years of GIS one would dream up a new spatial widget, code it, and then attempt to excuse to others how and why they ought to use it, nowadays GIS has been applied into various fields whether in data management, economic planning and development, agriculture, and public safety, whereas in future GIS application should be better than thi s and make jobs to be done more easily. why is future of GIS valuable? One of the reasons is geographic information science as a new science that is used to design future information systems.Also, it is valuable as it generates expansion into new fields and application areas, discovering new uses and solving problems. In future, the scientific visualization and computer graphics will be increasingly shuffled with GIS capabilities, especially animated and interactive maps. The potential of future of GIS is far beyond the other sciences for the tools. In todays world, acquiring data for a new GIS is no longer a major problem. GPS has become a main source of new GIS data and comes increasingly from integrated GPS/GIS systems.Nevertheless, this GIS domain has always been the surface where GPS signals are toilsome and reliable. Thus this matter should be looked into that moving GIS indoors. We need techniques for the rapid, cheap, and accurate start out of 3D geometries and attribute s, as well as efficient methods of determining indoor position. The market for solutions to the problem of moving GIS indoors and integrating the indoors and outdoors really holds an enormous potential. By developing GIS trends, knowing where everything is can be very possible.Take consideration during emergencies but not invading privacy of ones, tracking individuals using the technologies of GIS would be very useful. For instant, it would be much easier to search for the possible victims if every inhabitant of the Wenchuan area of China had been tracked prior to the may 2008 earthquake. Furthermore, shifting GIS from the relatively leisurely process of analyzing static data to a far more dynamic process of real-time monitoring and decision making can be possible in future also.A GPS water travel system, fed by sensors, major power show the state of congestion of the road system in real time an emergency manager might view the real-time situation of a disaster response and a pub lic health researcher might monitor the real-time state of a disease outbreak. Nonetheless, as the progress of future of GIS is developing, we should also take the major influencing factors on it either positive or negative into consideration.There are several positive influences of future of GIS that we can see, such as continue hardware cost reductions and improved performance, improvements in storage capacities and performance, the improved cleverness and functional range of most software, the adoption of standards for GIS in many countries, the accessibility of a greater range of digital data sets, the greater mention of GIS as valuable management tool, and also the perceived success of GIS in a number of varied fields.For the negative sides, the lack of government patronage for basic research initiatives, too many systems are stand-alone applications having little incentive to progress, the necessary implementation procedures are very complex, data costs can be prohibitive , too frequently data is difficult to integrate because of structure, accuracy, scale, level of aggregation, as well as the legal concerns over the right of first publication of data. In conclusion, GIS can be very useful if researches of innovation and ontogeny can be made more.Of course, advantages and disadvantages of applications of GIS in future have to be concerned much so that it can be climby utilized and the consequence of GIS development can be minimized. Last but not least, there is one fact that is inescapable the world of GIS has always been full of surprises, and there is every reason to believe the future will be just exciting Bibliography Basic Concepts. (n. d. ). Retrieved November 13, 2012, from http//www. ce. utexas. edu/prof/maidment/gishydro/docs/reports/smith/sect3. pdf Berry, J. K. (2007). Topic 27 GIS Evolution and Future Trends. Retrieved